Research Seminars

Reducing out-of-pocket costs of medication has been shown to lead to higher use initiation rates in childhood. Less is known, however, about the potentially asymmetric effects of increases in such costs, resulting from a loss in insurance coverage. This paper looks at the expiration of prescription drug copay waivers for children in Slovakia to investigate changes in pharmaceutical use resulting from increasing out-of-pocket costs. Leveraging age thresholds for copay waivers, this paper uses event study analyses to show that increases in out-of-pocket costs reduce prescription drug use, as well as average spending. Using a dataset capturing the universe of prescriptions filled between 2016–2018, we are further able to understand these effects among both chronic and non-chronic users. We trace the effects of these changes in prescription drug use to down-stream health consequences for children, as measured by GP visits and hospitalizations. Linking these data to social security records, we are further able to understand spillovers onto parental health and employment.

Under social-genetic assortative mating (SGAM), socio-economic status (SES) and genetically inherited traits are both assets in marriage markets, become associated in spouse pairs, and are passed together to future generations. This gives a new explanation for persistent intergenerational inequality and observed genetic differences between rich and poor. We model SGAM and test for it in large surveys in two countries. Spouses of earlier-born siblings have genetics predicting more education. This effect is mediated by individuals' own education and income. Thus, shocks to SES are reflected in the DNA of subsequent generations. Under SGAM, genetic variation is endogenous to economic institutions.

We study the effect of a CZK 80,000 (36%) increase in parental allowance, a universal basic income-type benefit, on the labor supply of parents of young children in the Czech Republic. Drawing a parental allowance does not preclude labor market activity, which allows us to study the income effect. The reform led to a 6 percentage point (15%) decrease in labor market participation of mothers of young children. The effect is particularly strong among mothers with only one child (10 p.p., 28%) and among university-educated mothers (16 p.p., 36%). We observe a virtually identical reduction in hours worked. We found no effect on the labor supply of fathers of young children.

Luckman et al. (2018) experimentally tested the conjecture that a single model of risky intertemporal choice can account for both risky and intertemporal choices, and under the conditions of their experiment, found evidence supporting it. Given the existing literature, that is a remarkable result which warrants (conceptual) replication. A key reason to be sceptical about the result is that Luckman et al. (2018), following a well-established tradition in psychology, had first-year psychology students participate that were rewarded with non-monetary course credits (see also Luckman et al. 2020), casting shadows of doubt on whether their participants were properly incentivised. Proper incentivization is a long-standing bone of contention among experimentally working economists and psychologists and it is widely accepted among economists that the elicitation of risk preferences and time preferences is very much a function of the way that experimenters incentivize choices. Another reason to be sceptical is that the experiment was not properly powered up; hence the no-difference results reported by the authors might be spurious. In our conceptual replication, we find significant differences between the risky and intertemporal choices at both the group and individual level. We find further that there is no significant difference between choices made by participants that are paid a flat incentive and participants that are paid under the random incentive scheme, at the group level. We find that order effects matter for intertemporal choices, but not for risky choices. At the individual level, we find evidence in favour of the model that assumes a common value function, but separate choice functions. This result is robust across the incentive systems, and order of presentation, but sensitive to different prior distributions. Other semi-nested models are sensitive to the different orders of presentation as well as incentive systems.

We consider settings such as innovation-oriented R&D where agents must explore across different projects with varying but uncertain payoffs. How does providing partial data on project payoffs affect individual performance and social welfare? While data can typically reduce uncertainty and improve welfare, we present a simple theoretical framework where data provision can decrease group and individual payoffs. In particular, we predict that when data shines a light on sufficiently attractive (but not optimal) projects, it can crowd-out exploration activity, lowering individual and group payoffs as compared to the case where no data is provided. We test our theory in an online lab experiment where we show that data provision on the true value of one project can hurt individual payoffs by 12% and reduce the group's likelihood of discovering the optimal outcome by 48%. Our results provide a theoretical and empirical foundation outlining the conditions under which the streetlight effect emerges, where data leads agents to look under the lamppost rather than engage in individually and socially beneficial exploration.

Women are underrepresented in business, academic, and political decision-making bodies across the world. To investigate the causal effect of gender representation on multilateral negotiations, we experimentally manipulate the composition of triads in a majoritarian, divide-the-dollar game. We document a robust gender gap in earnings, driven largely by the exclusion of women from alliances rather than differential shares within alliances. Experiments with different subject pools show that distinct bargaining dynamics can underlie the same inequitable outcomes: While gender-biased outcomes can be caused by outright discrimination, they can also be driven by more complex dynamics related to differences in bargaining strategies. We identify two fundamental gender differences in bargaining dynamics. First, men are more likely to make opening offers and enjoy a payoff advantage for doing so, yet women that propose first do not and may even suffer backlash. Second, mixed-gender alliances are less stable when the excluded party is male rather than female. These findings show that there is no “one-size-fits-all” solution to the gender gap we uncovered and highlight the importance of studying bargaining dynamics in detail.

We provide causal evidence that mandatory portfolio disclosure helps investors evaluate and select hedge fund managers. Using a staggered difference-in-differences analysis, we demonstrate that investor capital flows better predict fund performance among funds that publicly disclose their portfolio holdings. Additional cross-sectional analyses suggest that this gain in selection ability varies with the informational value of disclosure. Furthermore, examining investor-level allocations, we find that institutional investors earn higher returns on their allocations to disclosing funds. Overall, these results help contribute to the cost-benefit analysis of mandatory portfolio disclosure.

Minimizing the semivariance of a portfolio is analytically intractableand numerically challenging due to the endogeneity of the semicovariance matrix. In this paper, we introduce a smoothed estimator fort he portfolio semivariance. The extent of smoothing is determined by a single tuning constant, which allows our method to span an entire set of optimal portfolios with limit cases represented by the minimum semivariance and the minimum variance portfolios. The methodology is implemented through an iteratively reweighted algorithm, which is computationally efficient for optimization problems with many assets. Our numerical studies confirm the theoretical convergence of the smoothed semivariance estimator to the true semivariance. The resulting minimum smoothed semivariance portfolio performs well in- and out-of-sample compared to other popular selection rules.

Increasing evidence points to the fact that the behavioral measures we use to elicit risk attitudes fail us. In recent years evidence has accumulated that our measures 1. correlate poorly with self-reported risk attitudes, real-world risk behaviors, and among themselves; 2. introduce distinct measurement errors and behavioral biases; 3. are not robust to sit-resit exercises.

Why do Risk Elicitation Tasks (RET) show so little predictive validity? Despite the large number of studies comparing risk elicitation procedures, the extent to which current RETs are able to capture self-reported or out-of-the-lab behavior is still partly unknown. Since each study can cover only a limited subset of tasks and self-reported or real-world behaviors, the map of the cross-correlations across tasks and behavior is far from being complete.

Luckily, the data to create such a map already exists. Experimental economists have been routinely eliciting risk attitudes for over three decades. In this presentation, I describe what we know so far about the psychometric validity of elicited risk attitudes, present a comprehensive, large dataset of the external validity of RETs, and describe two experimental designs (no data yet) aimed at tackling two of the main problems identified in the previous analyses -- measurement error and risk perception and modeling.

The ongoing effort, code and paper can be found at https://github.com/paolocrosetto/METARET and all data can be explored interactively at https://paolocrosetto.shinyapps.io/METARET_APP/

Entry in a homogeneous Cournot-oligopoly is excessive if there is business stealing. This prediction assumes that production costs reduce profits and welfare equally. However, this need not be the case. If there is asymmetric information, suppliers or employees can utilize their superior knowledge to extract informational rents. Rent payments reduce profits and deter entry, but affect neither the optimal number of firms nor welfare directly. Therefore, entry becomes insufficient if informational rents are large enough. In the context of a moral hazard model, we show that insufficient entry occurs if entry costs are sufficiently high. Such costs lower the number of firms and, thereby, raise informational rents.

This paper investigates the dependencies and comovements between the S&P 500 and WTI by means of time-varying conditional comoments from April 1983 to December 2021 at the daily level. The conditional comoments mark a new pattern between the two markets’ dependencies since the 2008 global financial crisis (GFC). We employ three macroeconomic sentiment measures, including VIX (representing fear), economic policy uncertainty (representing uncertainty), and expected business condition index (representing expectation), to investigate the underlying mechanism for the new emerging stock-oil co-movements, using the time-varying parameter vector autoregression (TVP-VAR) to investigate the time-varying impulse responses, and the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model to analyze the asymmetries in the short- and long-run effects of the sentiment indices for the pre- and post-GFC periods. The conditional comoments of both markets change direction since the GFC, with crude oil showing a stronger dependence on the S&P 500’s return, skewness, and tail events than its counterpart. Overall, the time-varying impulse responses show heightened short-lived responses to the three sentiment indices after the 2008 GFC, with an asymmetric response from the conditional comoments of WTI (negative) and S&P 500 (positive) to the positive shocks in the fear index during the post-GFC period. The NARDL regression results prove that the explanatory power of the three sentiment indices increase largely after the GFC, pointing to the strong short-run asymmetries, and the ever-increasing effect of VIX . Further investigations reveal that oil-specific fear index (OVX) has weaker effect on stock-oil comoments than VIX.

This project aims to document inmates' knowledge, perceptions, and preferences and examine how they differ from the general population and how they change over time. The project will also test selected theories explaining the causes of criminal behavior in a unified framework. The analysis will be based on survey, experimental, and administrative data collected from inmates in Czech prisons. Data collection includes two waves of surveys with around 500 inmates and 220 students and one wave of surveys with 1000 subjects representing the general population. Surveying inmates twice is key to measuring how their knowledge, perceptions, and preferences evolve during their incarceration.

Merged data of changes in real estate ownerships from the Cadastre Portal of the Slovak Republic and databases of taxplayers from the Financial Administration of the Slovak Republic revealed many sold properties over last 5 years, for which a capital gains tax was not paid. To improve the tax compliance, reminder letters were sent to potential evaders. In addition, reminder letters were also sent to former owners of properties that were sold in the current reporting period. On top of a baseline letter, we focused on behavioural effects of deterrence and morale and an explanatory effect of a graphical leaflet. The letters significantly increased the number of taxpayers paying the tax but there was no significant difference between the baseline letter and its behavioural modifications and the leaflet even backfired.

We estimate the effects of cash transfers on child well-being. To do so, we leverage program eligibility due to date of birth cutoffs and year-to-year variation in payment size from a universal and unconditional cash transfer, the Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend (PFD). Using linked individual-level administrative data on PFD payments and child maltreatment referrals, we find that an additional $1,000 to families reduces the likelihood that a child is referred to Children’s Services by age 3 by 2.0 percentage points, or about 10 percent, on average. Effects are driven by declines in neglect and physical abuse. Additionally, we show that larger cash transfers increase the probability that children live with their mothers and lower mortality by age 5.

The COVID-19 pandemic cut across geographical, sectorial and policy boundaries and imposed difficult health, economic and social challenges. Among many learnings, after the 2007/8 global financial crisis and the austerity period which followed it, what happened in 2020 offers an important experience to make local governments more financially resilient and ready to deal with similar shocks. This paper builds on a recent framework to investigate the impact of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic on local government financial vulnerability looking at both contingent and structural aspects. It addresses the need for a multi-country perspective on the effects of the pandemic and responds to calls to test existing models. Seven countries were chosen to represent different administrative contexts and traditions to understand what factors impact the local level in a time of crisis. Results demonstrate that not only contingent aspects, but also structural factors and the initial level of financial vulnerability influenced the responses to the pandemic, confirming findings about the importance of initial conditions and “path dependency” by previous studies.

There is an established literature looking at the effects of school entry age and age within cohort on general well-being, social capital, and measures of human capital formation. in primary and secondary school. Researchers have additionally turned their attention to longer term university and adult labor market outcomes. Prior results are mixed, but when statistically significant impacts are found they have typically been favorable. This study uses a nationwide sample of undergraduate college students from over 360 institutions to ascertain if relative age is related to reported mental health at graduation. Various identification strategies are incorporated into the study including Regression Discontinuity Design and Instrumental Variable (IV) methods incorporating student birth date relative to kindergarten age cutoff as well as relative age within cohort via ordered logit models. Results suggest being older within cohort to be positively related to increased to incidence of depression and homesickness in the last year at college graduation, more consistently for females.

It is well-recognized that news coverage varies significantly between countries. The differences include what events are reported at what frequencies and in what tones. It is also well established that these differences contribute to variations in the economic development of countries. In addition, substantial heterogeneity characterizes the news media at the subnational (regional) level, which is most evident in the large numbers of regional newspapers and media outlets. In contrast to the national level, this heterogeneity has received much less attention in contemporary literature. More precisely, little is known about the degree that newspaper readers in distinct locations are exposed to different information, topics, journalistic opinions, and sentiments. Similarly, how regional socio-economic characteristics shape local news and how these in turn influence people’s behavior is far from being sufficiently researched. More often than not, it is the lack of data limiting empirical investigations.

The presentation will give an overview of the contemporary literature and highlight existing research avenues. It will be based on several empirical investigations utilizing the recently established RegNeS database, which features more than 16 million German-language media headlines published between July 2019 and February 2023 obtained from more than 250 regional and national news outlets. The empirical studies give insights into the relationship between regional news and regions’ socioeconomic development from various angles including innovation activities being reflected in regional news and the latter’s impact on COVID19-related health behavior.

In this talk, I will describe a model explicating telework as a dynamic process, theorizing that teleworkers continuously adjust – their identities, boundaries, and relationships – to meet needs for competence, autonomy and relatedness in their work and nonwork roles. The model uses the lens of job crafting to posit changes teleworkers make to enhance work-nonwork balance and job performance, including time-related individual differences to account for contingencies in dynamic adjustments. I will also discuss how feedback from work and nonwork role partners and one's self-evaluation results in an iterative process of learning to telework over time. In the second part of the talk, I will present empirical evidence that offers preliminary support for the dynamic telework crafting model, based on data collected from individual teleworkers as well as teleworking teams.

The rapid development of information technology and smartphone applications has introduced new and unique transportation services. This article introduces one of these recently established systems in South Korea, called application-based taxi pooling service (ATPS). The service differs from regular ridesharing in that the participating drivers are already registered taxi drivers. This study aims to investigate users’ willingness to use ATPS from the perspective of service attributes during the morning commute time and late-night. For this, a discrete choice experiment survey was conducted over one week in 2019, targeting 1,000 Seoul citizens who used taxis at least once over the past month. As a methodology, mixed-effect logistic regression modeling is used to jointly predict users’ behavioral processes of ATPS adoption for different choice experiments constructed based on the combination of four service attributes: fare, route matching degree, detour time, and waiting time. The estimated models revealed the dynamic impacts of all four service attributes on the acceptance of ATPS, which vary depending on the time of the day. In particular, the impacts of discounted fare were almost zero during late-night, and users brought higher value to the waiting and detour times. Users’ conventional taxi use experience and personal preferences were also found to be important elements in the acceptance of ATPS. The findings of this study will provide reasonable guidelines for the deployment of ridesharing services in car-dominant cities where citizens have not yet been introduced to the concept of ATPSs.

Exploiting a novel data set of criminal trials in 19th century London, we evaluate the impact of an accused’s right to counsel on convictions. While lower-level crimes had an established history of professional representation prior to 1836, individuals accused of committing a felony did not, even though the prosecution was conducted by professional attorneys. The Prisoners’ Counsel At of 1836 remedied this and first introduced the right to counsel in common law systems. Using a difference-in-difference estimation strategy we identify the causal effect of defense counsel. We find the surprising result that the professionalization of the courtroom led to an increase in the conviction rate, which we interpret as a consequence of jurors feeling that the trial became fairer. We go further and employ a topic modeling approach to the text of the transcripts to provide suggestive evidence on how the trials changed when defense counsel was fully introduced.

During economic, health, or political hardships, politicians often leverage citizens’ discontent and scapegoat minorities to obtain political support. This paper tests whether political campaigns scapegoating migrants for the health crisis affect social, political, and economic attitudes and behaviors. We implement an online nationally-representative survey experiment in Italy to analyze the effects of the strategic use of information about immigration on socio-political and economic attitudes and behavior. We manipulate the quantity and the content of information, including facts emphasizing the potential health consequences of immigration. Results show that information provisions associating immigration with health threats do not generate sizeable add-on effects compared to that based on immigration only. If anything, it increases disappointment towards Italians, reduces social and institutional trust, and undermines partisanship among extreme-right supporters. Overall, political campaigns based on these narratives appear relatively ineffective or, when successful, counterproductive from social and political viewpoints.

This paper studies the labor market effects of out- and in-migration in the context of cross-border commuting. It investigates an EU policy reform that granted Czech citizens full access to the German labor market, resulting in a Czech commuter outflow across the border to Germany. Exploiting the fact that the reform specifically impacted the Czech and German border regions, I use a matched difference-in-differences design to estimate its effects on local labor markets in both countries. Using a novel dataset on Czech regions, I show that municipalities in the Czech border region experienced a decrease in unemployment rates due to the worker outflow, while vacancies increased. For German border municipalities, I find evidence for slower employment growth (long-term) and slower wage growth (short-term), but no displacement effects for incumbent native workers.

A rich literature has long studied the asymmetric effects of monetary policy over the business cycle, generally presenting mixed results. Most of the empirical work, however, focuses on the responses of output and prices. Given the key role it plays in the transmission of monetary policy and the relatively scarce studies on the subject, this paper centers the analysis on the dynamics of the markup. Recent empirical findings suggest that, even when the New Keynesian models are not able to reproduce such dynamic, the markup decreases in response to a monetary policy tightening shock. This paper, by putting forward a local projections approach and analyzing the response of the markup during the period 1990m2-2016m12, argues that the dynamic of the markup may depend on whether the monetary policy tightening shock takes place during a period of expansion or recession. In this latter case, for instance, the New Keynesian model seems to do a good job, suggesting that only tightening mistakes may be successfully addressed within the basic New Keynesian framework.

This paper seeks to quantitatively assess the key role of the three components of heterogeneity in open economies, namely the consumption gap between hand-to-mouth and Ramsey households, the consumption dispersion between Ramsey households and the existence of a fixed share of the two groups of households (HANK model) in the conduct of monetary policy in Europe and the US, as the two economies trade with each other. Using Bayesian estimation techniques, we estimate three models, a model with representative agents (RANK model), a model with heterogeneous agents so that the share of the two groups of households remains constant over time (TANK model) and the HANK model. We conclude that the HANK model plays a key role in the conduct of monetary policy in Europe and the United States and in the mitigation of cycles and fluctuations. The American economy is more sensitive to heterogeneity than the European one, because the differences in parameters between the models are greater in the USA than in Europe. Coordination between the two central banks on price stability always reveals that the HANK model attenuates fluctuations more than the other two models.

We explore whether marginal Q and investment fluctuate due to revisions in expected marginal profits or discount rates, and by how much of each. We infer marginal Q from the marginal cost of investment, derive a present-value relation, and conduct a VAR-based variance decomposition for marginal Q. We find that discount rates (expected investment returns) drive the bulk of fluctuations in average Q and investment in the time series, but play no role in driving the cross-section of portfolios' average Q and investment. That is, marginal profits are the sole determinant of the cross-section of marginal Q and investment.

This paper studies the response of firms’ research and development (R&D) expenditure to monetary policy shocks in the US economy. Empirical results suggest that a 20 basis point increase in the interest rate decreases the aggregate R&D expenditure by 0.6 percent. Using Compustat firm-level data, I confirm that a monetary contraction leads to a persistent decline in US firms’ R&D expenditure. The effect on R&D expenditure is stronger for interest rate hikes and when firms face higher uncertainty. This is because economic uncertainty decreases firms’ leverage ratio and makes them more financially constrained, rendering R&D investment more vulnerable to contractionary policy shocks. I build a medium-scale DSGE model with endogenous output growth and financial frictions to interpret the empirical findings. The theoretical model highlights the importance of the credit channel for altering the effects of monetary policy on firms’ investment in R&D in the presence of economic uncertainty

This paper shows that the impact of credit supply on economic activity is conditioned by banks’ equity distribution. Using a myriad of publicly available data on bank’s balance sheet, and mortgage and business lending from the United States, we offer novel empirical evidence on how changes in the level of bank equity affects the impact of credit supply on economic activity. Our results show that areas exposed to lenders with high level of bank equity experience high levels of economic growth and employment. We also construct a quantitative model that rationalises this empirical evidence by showing how aggregate lending is influenced by banks’ equity distribution. Our model shows that the higher the bank equity exposure of an area is, the more credit supply is provided to the area. While the model shows that banks’ equity distribution matters for understanding the impact of mortgage credit on economic performance, it does not have the same explanatory power to explain the impact of business credit on economic growth, which may be more influenced by risk-return trade-off decisions.